Due to the adverse side effects of synthetic antioxidants, the search for natural and safe antioxidants has become crucial. In this study, the Total phenolic compound contents and antioxidants activity of persimmon skin was investigated. The extraction was carried out by means of maceration method using ethanol and methanol solvents with ratio of 1 part persimmon skin to 5 parts of solvents. Afterwards, the Total phenolic compounds and antioxidants activity was measured. According to the results, ethanolic and methanolic extracts contained 255.6 and 214.15 mg gallic acid per 100 g of persimmon skin, respectively. Moreover, ethanolic extracts showed a higher activity for scavenging free radicals compared to methanolic extracts.

The aim of this study was to determine Total phenolic compound (TPC) and antioxidant activity changes depending on the ripening in Rosa canina, R. dumalis, R. dumalis ssp. boissieri and R. villosa rosehip species. Rosehip fruits were harvested in 6 different times from July to September. TPC content and antioxidant activities were determined by spectrophotometric methods. TPC and antioxidant activities of the studied species increased during ripening. TPC (1510.57 mg GAE 100 g-1/H-6) and antioxidant activities (TEAC: 364.12 mmol trolox equivalent g-1/H-6 and FRAP: 286.79 mmol trolox equivalent g-1/H-6) were higher in R. dumalis (MR-15) than the other studied species. There was a high correlation between the TPC and the antioxidant activity. Also, there was a positive correlation between maturation, phenolics and antioxidant activities. This correlation was high in R. dumalis and low in R. canina. However, it was not possible to express the existence of a relationship between temperature, TPC, and antioxidant activity. It was possible to express the existence of correlations between the color of fruits and some studied characteristics. The correlations between the colors of the fruits and TPC and antioxidant activity of R. dumalis were found higher than the other species.

In this study, the effect of soaking pretreatment on kinetics of bioactive phenolic compound extraction from Eryngium caucasicum Trautv leaves using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) under optimized conditions (50% amplitude, 42 º C temperature and 51 min sonication time) was investigated. The soaking pretreatment independent variables were time (30, 60 and 90 min) and temperature (25, 35, 45 and 55 º C). The kinetics of bioactive phenolic compounds extraction was studied using Pelegʼ s model. The high value of correlation coefficient (R2 > 0. 98) and low values of root mean square error (RMSE < 0. 160) and mean relative deviation modulus (E<0. 44) revealed that Pelegʼ s model could applied successfully to describe the kinetics of bioactive phenolic compounds extraction. The experimental results showed that soaking pretreatment had significant (P<0. 05) effect on improvement of UAE of bioactive phenolic compounds. Swelling index and Total phenolic content obtained using the best conditions of soaking pretreatment (temperature of 45 º C and 60 min) were 14. 50 ± 0. 05 mL/g and 95. 50 ± 0. 11 mg GAE/g, respectively. Under these conditions, the radical scavenging activity of extract was 67. 20% ± 0. 15 of DPPH free radical scavenging activity and 36. 11% ± 0. 12 of OH free radicals scavenging activity. In addition, the Peleg rate constant (K1) was 0. 009639 min. g/mg under the best conditions.

Henna is one of the valuable ornamental and medicinal shrubs that is cultivated in some tropical and subtropical regions of Iran. Its seeds have dormancy and don't germinate rapidly. To investigate the effect of different mechanical and chemical treatments on dormancy and germination characteristics of henna seeds, two separate experiments were conductedbasedon two completely randomized designs with three replications. In the first experiment, various treatments including running water (for 24, 48 and 72 h.), soaking in hot water (90° C, for 150, 300 and 450 sec.), mechanical scarification with sandpaper (for 20 sec.), chemical scarification with concentrated sulfuric acid (98% for 10, 15 and 20 min.), different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3; 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm), osmopriming with polyethylene glycol (-8 bar for 72 h), complete darkness and control were tested for breaking seed dormancy. In the second experiment, the most effective treatments of the first experiment along with control were selected, and then α-amylase activity and the amount of Total phenolic compounds (TPC) were evaluated in the seeds. Results revealed that seed germination percentage was significantly decreased when incubated in complete darkness. Among other treatments, soaking in running water for 48 h. was more effective and increased the germination percentage up to 94.7%. In the second experiment, results showed that there was a negative and significantcorrelation (r= -0/99) betweenTotal phenolic compounds and α-amylase activity. According to the obtained results running water (48 h.) would be suggested as the most efficient treatment to break seed dormancy of Henna.

The massive pomace of Citrus aurantofolia (Christm.) Swingle exhibits a challenging losses exposure difficulty for the processing industries. The resent study was aimed to evaluate the composition and quality of pomace and understand its bioactive compounds to introduce it to different industries such as pharmaceutical, food, medicinal, agricultural etcetera for optimum use. Volatile compounds (VCs) were extracted by water distillation (WD) and Static headspace (SHS) methods. Four different extracts were analyzed for polyphenol compounds identified by HPLC-DAD, Total flavonoid content (TFC), Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity. Limonene (71.7%), b-pinene (8.5%), g-terpinene (7.3%), myrcene (1.8%) and a-pinene (1.7%), were the main compounds of essential oil (EO) of C. aurantifolia pomaceby HD extraction. The dominant VCs of C. aurantifolia were limonene (49.3%) followed by b-pinene (21.7%), g-terpinene (9%), a-pinene (6.8%) and sabinene (4.9%), respectively by static headspace analysis. Trans-ferulic acid was major polyphenol compound in all studied extracts of C. aurantifolia marcs. Methanolic extracts from C. aurantifolia pomaces represented higher antioxidant activity, TPC and TFC than other investigated extracts. This studied marc can be introduced to different industries as a source of bioactive and medicinal natural compounds because of its valuable phytochemical characterization.

The mechanism of soybean (Glycine max L.cv.Gorgan 3) response to drought stress lux light intensity and 14hr photoperiod. When first leaf appeard, three irrigation treatments occurred that consisted as one every day (control), once in three (mild stress) and in five days(sever stress). During 15 days the plants were irrigated an amount of 150 ml. The effect of irrigation treatment on the soluble sugar, Total protein, proline, phenolic compound, chlorophyll content and nitrate reductase activity was studied.The results showed that in the root soluble sugar and proline content in mild and sever stress significantly increased while in the stem and the leaf these compound considarably increased under sever stress the Total protein, chlorophyll a, b and nitrate reductase activity in leaf especially decreased in sever stress. Also the decrease phenolic compound in leaf under this condition was significant.

In this study, the amount of Total phenolic compounds in propolis extract obtained from extraction by two methods of maceration and ultrasound and also the effect of extraction method on the type and amount of each of phenolic compounds using chromatography method was investigated. Extraction by maceration method was carried out in different ratios (10, 30, 50% w/v) of propolis to ethanol solvent 70% at different time intervals (2, 8, 24 h). The ultrasonic extraction method was performed at different times (7, 14, 21 min) and vibrational amplitudes (60, 80, 100%). The maximum percentage of phenolic compounds in propolis extract was obtained from the maceration method applying the extraction time of 24 h and when the ratio of 10% w/v of propolis to solvent was 44. 82%. However, with the ultrasonic method the maximum percentage obtained was at 21 min with a vibrational amplitude of 80%, where most of the phenolic compounds were obtained with 41. 19%. Identification of phenolic compounds of extracts using high performance liquid chromatography showed that 15 phenolic compounds in the extract of propolis were obtained by maceration method, while 13 extracts were obtained by sonication. The highest recovery and identification components in propolis extract determined by both of the extraction methods was Pinocemberin, with 15. 1% of extracts in the ultrasound method and 11. 7% in the maceration method. The results of chromatography showed that the percentage of each of the compounds identified in the propolis extract which were extracted using ultrasound method, was higher than the ones extracted applying maceration method.